Holder, which ruled that the enforcement of the Voting Right's Act power requiring that the federal government give preclearance to states with a history of voter discrimination was unconstitutional because it used a coverage formula based on over 40 year old data. In the 21st century, some fear voter suppression has been revived, at least in part due to the 2013 US Supreme Court ruling of Shelby County v. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 improved voting access significantly. After the American Civil War, all African-American men were granted voting rights, but poll taxes or language tests were used to limit and suppress the ability to register or cast a ballot. Voter suppression has historically been used for racial, economic, gender, age and disability discrimination. Such voter suppression efforts vary by state, local government, precinct, and election. Voter suppression in the United States consists of various legal and illegal efforts to prevent eligible citizens from exercising their right to vote. Efforts used to prevent eligible voters from voting
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